Without a doubt, Diogenes practised these values in excess. The specifics are a bit hazy, but the use of ‘dog’ as an insult against the Cynics for their shameless behaviour was common. The word ‘Cynic’ comes from the term kynikos, meaning ‘dog-like’. Therefore, social conventions and moral codes had to be questioned. The aim was for a clear mind, free from foolishness and false belief. This philosophical approach was to live by nature and free of material possessions, as wealth caused anxiety and problems. These behaviors were grounded in the values of Cynic philosophy, with Diogenes as one of the founders of this school of thought. Diogenes, or Diogenes ‘the Dog’, was a Greek philosopher renowned for his extreme frugality and at times, peculiar behavior. By controlling Alexander’s body, Ptolemy aimed to be viewed as the successor to his empire.Around the early fourth century BCE, a curious man by the name of Diogenes was said to have lived in a large ceramic jar in the Athenian marketplace. A year or two after Alexander’s demise, his body was sent back to Macedonia only to be intercepted and sent to Egypt by Ptolemy I, one of his former generals. Wallis Budge speculated that Alexander’s remains were immersed in honey to stave off decay. Plutarch reports that Alexander’s body was initially treated in Babylon by Egyptian embalmers, but leading Victorian Egyptologist A. Alexander’s body was preserved in a vat of honey. In modern times, medical experts have speculated that malaria, lung infection, liver failure or typhoid fever may have done Alexander in. Some ancient biographers even speculated that Aristotle, who had connections with Antipater’s family, may have been involved. Given that Alexander’s father had been murdered by his own bodyguard, suspicion fell on those surrounding Alexander, most notably his general Antipater and Antipater’s son Cassander (who would eventually order the murders of Alexander’s widow and son). Two weeks later, the 32-year-old ruler was dead. Alexander the Great fell ill after downing a bowl of wine at a party. A few months after Alexander’s death, Roxanne gave birth to the couple’s only son, Alexander IV. Soon after, in a traditional wedding ceremony, the king sliced a loaf of bread in two with his sword and shared it with his new bride. of Sogdian Rock, a seemingly impregnable mountain fortress, the 28-year-old Alexander was surveying his captives when Roxanne, the teenage daughter of a Bactrian nobleman, caught his eye. When Alexander met his future wife, Roxanne, it was love at first sight.Īfter his spectacular capture in 327 B.C. Near the site of the battle of the river Hydaspes-the costliest victory of his Indian campaign-Alexander founded the city of Bucephala, named for his favorite horse, which was mortally wounded in the battle. Other Alexandrias trace the path of his armies’ advances through present-day Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Pakistan. The most famous of these, founded at the mouth of the Nile in 331 B.C., is today Egypt’s second-largest city. Alexander commemorated his conquests by founding dozens of cities (usually built up around previous military forts), which he invariably named Alexandria.
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